аЯрЁБс>ўџ MOўџџџLџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСY ПЁ3bjbjѓWѓW %T‘=‘=Ё/џџџџџџ]иииииииььььь<ьFЖh~~~~mmm       $ќє№ О1иmimmm15ии~~ыh555mи~и~ ььииииm 5d5™ взии ~D$РЙОi‘ћПььƒВЉbSAS Version 8 This article provides an in-depth summary of Version 8 of SAS which represents a major new release of the SAS system together with brief details of the other software. Further details of some of these products will appear in a future release of this (university) newsletter. Version 8 is a major release of the SAS system, six years or so in the making, and contains many new facilities together with enhancements to existing facilities. This article describes just some of these developments. A more complete description of changes can be found by browsing the on-line documentation provided with Version 8. Output Delivery System (ODS) The most significant development in SAS Version 8 is the introduction of an Output Delivery System (ODS). In previous versions of SAS, the responsibility for output rested with individual procedures. In Version 8, ODS assumes the responsibility for the formatting of all output from SAS procedures. Using ODS, you can: Generate output data sets from procedures Customise your output using templates Store links to all components of your output in a new Results window Generate HTML files that format your results for viewing in a Web browser Generate links in your output to allow drill-down between tables and graphs in either direction when viewing output on the Web. Highlight cells in tables and reports using colour User Interfaces Several new windows have been incorporated in the Version 8 user interface. The Explorer window provides a central point for managing basic tasks such as viewing and managing tables and libraries, and creating new libraries, library members and catalogue entries. The Results window contains pointers to various locations in the Output window. These pointers serve as a contents page for your output. Clicking on a particular pointer will cause the associated output to be located in the Results Viewer window. The Enhanced Editor window is an alternative to the Program Editor designed to help reduce errors in assembling SAS programs. The Enhanced Editor exercises a number of controls on program layout and performs a number of syntax checks on program statements. It also utilises colour to differentiate different components of a program such as data, code, keywords and values. An additional window, not automatically visible in the user interface but available on request, is the VIEWTABLE window. Introduced as part of SAS/FSP in SAS Version 6, the VIEWTABLE window has now been made part of base SAS. The VIEWTABLE window provides an easy way to enter data interactively. It also enables you to browse and edit existing tables interactively. Statistical Analysis New Procedures in SAS/STAT SAS/STAT contains several new procedures: KDE performs either univariate or bivariate kernel density estimation. Four new procedures for linear modelling, non-linear modelling and smoothing are provided: LOESS implements a non-parametric method for estimating regression surfaces. The LOESS procedure is suitable when there are outliers in the data and a robust fitting method is necessary. NLMIXED fits non-linear mixed models in which both fixed and random effects enter nonlinearly. PLS fits models using a variety of linear predictive methods, including partial least squares. TPSPLINE uses penalized least squares to fit a nonparametric regression model using thin-plate smoothing splines. Three new procedures for spatial data analysis are available: KRIEG2D performs ordinary kriging in two dimensions. SIM2D produces a spatial simulation for a Gaussian random field with a specified mean and covariance structure in two dimensions. VARIOGRAM computes sample or empirical measures of spatial continuity for two-dimensional spatial data. These continuity measures are the regular semi-variogram, a robust version of the semi-variogram and the covariance. These measures are written to an output data set, allowing plotting or parameter estimation for theoretical semi-variograms or covariance models. You can then use the KRIEG2D procedure for spatial prediction. Three new procedures – SURVEYMEANS, SURVEYREG and SURVEYSELECT – cater for sample survey design and analysis. SURVEYMEANS produces estimates of survey population means and totals from sample survey data. The procedure also produces variance estimates, confidence limits, and other descriptive statistics. The sample design can be a complex survey sample design with stratification, clustering, and unequal weighting. SURVEYREG performs regression analysis for sample survey data. This procedure can handle complex survey sample designs, including designs with stratification, clustering, and unequal weighting. SURVEYSELECT provides methods for selecting probability-based random samples. The procedure can select a simple random sample or a sample according to a complex multistage sample design that includes stratification, clustering, and unequal probabilities of selection. Changes and Enhancements in SAS/STAT SAS/STAT contains numerous changes to existing procedures. Two that stand out are: The FREQ procedure now includes a TEST statement that provides asymptotic tests for selected measures of association and measures of agreement. It also supports Monte Carlo estimation of exact p-values, instead of direct exact p-value computation The UNIVARIATE procedure now supports high resolution graphical displays. You can generate histograms and comparative histograms and optionally superimpose fitted probability density curves for various distributions (beta, exponential, gamma, log-normal, normal, and Weibull) and kernel density estimates. You can generate quantile-quantile plots (Q-Q plots) and probability plots to compare ordered variable values with quantiles of a specified theoretical distribution. The Analyst Application In addition to the developments in SAS/STAT, a new facility called ‘The Analyst Application’ has been introduced in Version 8. The Analyst Application is a point-and-click interface to basic statistical analyses in the SAS System. Areas covered include descriptive statistics, simple hypothesis tests, regression, analysis of variance, survival analysis as well as some multivariate analyses. Some analyses not currently available in SAS/STAT are also provided, such as certain hypothesis tests and basic sample size and power computations. In addition, you can produce many types of graphs, including histograms, box-and- whisker plots, probability plots, contour plots, and surface plots. The Analyst Application enables you to input data in many ways, including opening data from non-SAS sources such as Excel files, inputting SAS data sets, or manually entering the data yourself. Subsequent to entry, a number of data manipulations may be performed such as editing, sub-setting, creating new variables and cases and creating variable transformations. The analysis results and plots are presented in separate windows and managed by a tree-list structure called a project tree. The underlying SAS code used to produce the results is available as a node in the project tree, and results can also be displayed in HTML form and viewed with a web browser. You can save projects and then recall them for further work. Graphics Changes fall into two categories– enhancements specific to individual procedures and a range of new methods for creating graphics output for display on the World Wide Web. Enhancements specific to SAS/GRAPH procedures include: HBAR3D, VBAR3D, and PIE3D statements are available in PROC GCHART to generate 3-dimensional horizontal bar charts, vertical bar charts, and pie charts using a variety of shapes. An HTML= statement available in the GANNO, GCHART, GMAP and GPLOT procedures uses HTML functionality to create graphics with "drill-down" capability. An IMAGEMAP= statement, available in the same procedures, generates a special data set that contains area and link information for creating custom HTML files with drill-down graphs In addition to changes to specific procedures, SAS/GRAPH software now provides several methods for generating graphics output that can be displayed on the World Wide Web. Most of these methods, described below, enable you to create graphs in which the user clicks on areas of the graph to "drill down" to additional graphs or reports. The ODS HTML statement enables several SAS/GRAPH procedures to produce GIF graphics and a variety of HTML files for creating Web pages with tables of contents, multiple frames, and drill-down functionality. The GIF driver generates GIF graphics files from SAS/GRAPH procedures. These files can be referenced in an HTML file and viewed with a Web browser. The HTML driver creates a series of graphs in GIF format and an HTML file that displays them. The WEBFRAME driver also creates graphs in GIF format and HTML files, but it produces a Web page whose table of contents contains thumbnail depictions of each graph, plus links to the full-sized versions of the graphs. The GIFANIM driver enables you to use SAS/GRAPH procedures to create GIF animations for your Web pages. The JAVA device driver generates an HTML file that defines graphics output as a Java applet. The ACTIVEX driver generates an HTML file that defines graphics output as ActiveX controls. Both the ACTIVEX and JAVA drivers can only be used with procedures GCHART, GCONTOUR, GMAP, GPLOT, and G3D, and both must be used with the Output Delivery System (ODS). Both the ActiveX controls and the Java applets are interactive when displayed in a browser. For example, they let you change the chart type from a bar chart to a pie chart. The ACTIVEX driver also allows you to zoom, slide and rotate graphs, although it is restricted to working with Internet Explorer. Applications Building Substantial changes and enhancements have been made to the applications development module SAS/AF. These changes and enhancements include: A SAS Component Object Model (SCOM) allowing the development of plug-and-play components which adhere to simple rules of communication enabling the sharing of information between components. The model supports attribute linking, model/view communication, event handling and drag and drop. New visual components (or controls) that provide improved rendering on all supported graphical operating systems. They include a combo box, check box, push button, radio box, and others. New non-visual components (or models) that can be dropped onto a frame from the new Components window. A new Build Window with improved user interface features. New features include: - A common Properties window that is shared by all components in a frame - A new Components window for creating both visual and non-visual objects on a frame An updated and improved Class Editor together with a corresponding Interface Editor and a Resource Editor. The Screen Control Language (SCL) has been renamed as the SAS Component Language and improved to offer further object-oriented development capabilities. Features of the revised language include dot notation and improved compile-time error checking. Version 8 of SAS/AF is completely compatible with applications and classes that were developed using Versions 6 and 7 of SAS/AF software. PRIVATE "TYPE=PICT;ALT=[cautionend]"INCLUDEPICTURE \d \z "../common/images/cautend.gif" Documentation Complete reference documentation for SAS Version 8 is now available on-line via a product called SAS OnlineDoc. It can be accessed from central servers or from a local CD-ROM drive on a PC. In a Java-enabled browser environment, SAS OnlineDoc provides a search engine with full-text search capabilities, as well as a detailed table of contents and index. A plain HTML interface is provided for use in browsers that are not Java-enabled. SAS OnlineDoc is also available in PDF format suitable for printing selected pages of documentation. The SAS manuals continue to be available in book form. 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